Hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen kula da ruwan sha ita ce amfani da hanyoyin fasaha daban-daban don ware, cirewa da sake sarrafa gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke cikin najasa da ruwan datti, ko maida su abubuwa marasa lahani don tsarkake ruwa.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don magance najasa, wanda gabaɗaya za a iya karkasa su zuwa nau'i huɗu, wato maganin ilimin halitta, jiyya na jiki, maganin sinadarai da na halitta.
1. Maganin Halittu
Ta hanyar metabolism na microorganisms, kwayoyin gurɓataccen yanayi a cikin nau'i na mafita, colloid da kuma dakatarwa mai kyau a cikin ruwa mai tsabta suna canzawa zuwa abubuwa masu tsayayye da marasa lahani. Dangane da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban, ana iya raba maganin ilimin halitta zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu guda biyu: jiyya na nazarin halittu na aerobic da jiyya na anaerobic.
Ana amfani da hanyar kula da ilimin halittu ta aerobic ko'ina a cikin maganin ilimin halittu na ruwa mai datti. Bisa ga hanyoyin daban-daban na tsari, hanyar maganin ilimin halittu na aerobic ya kasu kashi biyu: hanyar sludge mai kunnawa da hanyar biofilm. Ayyukan sludge da aka kunna kanta sashin magani ne, yana da nau'ikan hanyoyin aiki iri-iri. The magani kayan aikin biofilm Hanyar hada biofilter, nazarin halittu turntable, nazarin halittu lamba hadawan abu da iskar shaka tank da nazarin halittu fluidized gado, da dai sauransu. Halitta hadawan abu da iskar shaka hanyar kandami kuma ake kira da halitta nazarin halittu magani hanya. Maganin nazarin halittu na anaerobic, wanda kuma aka sani da maganin rage ilimin halitta, ana amfani da shi musamman don kula da yawan ruwan sharar jiki da sludge.
2. Maganin jiki
Hanyoyin rarrabawa da dawo da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen da ba za a iya narkewa ba (ciki har da fim ɗin mai da ɗigon mai) a cikin ruwan sharar gida ta hanyar aikin jiki ana iya raba su zuwa hanyar rabuwar nauyi, hanyar rabuwa ta centrifugal da hanyar riƙe sieve. Rukunin jiyya waɗanda ke cikin hanyar rabuwar nauyi sun haɗa da lalatawa, iyo (iska flotation), da dai sauransu, kuma kayan aikin jiyya daidai shine ɗakin grit, tanki mai lalata, tarko mai mai, tankin flotation na iska da kayan taimako, da sauransu; Rabuwar centrifugal kanta nau'in nau'in magani ne, na'urorin sarrafa kayan da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da centrifuge da hydrocyclone, da sauransu; Hanyar riƙe allo tana da nau'ikan sarrafawa guda biyu: riƙe allo da tacewa. Tsohon yana amfani da grids da allon fuska, yayin da na karshen yana amfani da yashi Tace da matattarar microporous, da dai sauransu. Hanyar magani bisa ka'idar musayar zafi kuma hanya ce ta jiyya ta jiki, kuma sassan jiyya sun haɗa da evaporation da crystallization.
3. Magungunan sinadarai
Hanyar magance ruwan sha wanda ke rarrabawa da kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa da kolloidal a cikin ruwan datti ko kuma canza su zuwa abubuwa marasa lahani ta hanyar halayen sinadarai da canja wurin taro. A cikin hanyar maganin sinadarai, sassan sarrafawa dangane da halayen sinadarai na dosing sune: coagulation, neutralization, redox, da dai sauransu; yayin da na'urori masu sarrafawa bisa ga canja wurin taro sune: hakar, cirewa, cirewa , adsorption, musayar ion, electrodialysis da reverse osmosis, da dai sauransu. Na ƙarshe biyu na aiki raka'a suna tare da ake magana a kai a matsayin membrane rabuwa fasahar. Daga cikin su, sashin jiyya da ke amfani da canja wurin jama'a yana da nau'ikan sinadarai da kuma aikin jiki masu alaƙa, don haka za'a iya raba shi da hanyar yin amfani da sinadarai kuma ya zama wata hanyar magani, wacce ake kira hanyar sinadarai ta jiki.
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Tsarin jiyya na najasa gama gari
1. Rage ruwan sharar gida
Alamun gurɓatawa kamar abun cikin mai, CODcr da BOD5 a cikin ruwan sharar da ke lalatar suna da girma sosai. Hanyoyin magani sun haɗa da hakar acid, centrifugation ko hakar sauran ƙarfi. Hanyar hakar acid ana amfani dashi sosai, yana ƙara H2SO4 don daidaita ƙimar pH zuwa 3-4 don lalatawa, tururi da motsawa tare da gishiri, da tsayawa a 45-60 t na 2-4 h, mai a hankali yana yawo har ya zama maiko. Layer. Maido da mai zai iya kaiwa 96%, kuma kawar da CODcr ya fi 92%. Gabaɗaya, yawan adadin mai a cikin mashigar ruwa shine 8-10g/l, kuma yawan yawan man da ke cikin mashin ɗin bai wuce 0.1 g/l ba. Ana ci gaba da sarrafa man da aka kwato sannan a mayar da shi gauraye mai kitse wanda za a iya amfani da shi wajen yin sabulu.
2. Liming da cire gashi
Liming da kawar da gashi ya ƙunshi furotin, lemun tsami, sodium sulfide, daskararrun da aka dakatar, 28% na jimlar CODcr, 92% na jimlar S2-, da 75% na jimlar SS. Hanyoyin magani sun haɗa da acidification, hazo sinadarai da oxidation.
Ana amfani da hanyar acidification sau da yawa wajen samarwa. A ƙarƙashin yanayin matsa lamba mara kyau, ƙara H2SO4 don daidaita ƙimar pH zuwa 4-4.5, samar da iskar H2S, shafe shi tare da maganin NaOH, da kuma haifar da sulfurized alkali don sake amfani. Ana tace furotin mai narkewa da ke tsiro a cikin ruwan sharar gida, a wanke, kuma a bushe. zama samfur. Adadin cire sulfide zai iya kaiwa sama da 90%, kuma CODcr da SS an rage su da 85% da 95% bi da bi. Kudinsa yana da ƙasa, aikin samarwa yana da sauƙi, mai sauƙin sarrafawa, kuma an taƙaita sake zagayowar samarwa.
3. Chrome tanning sharar gida
Babban gurɓataccen ruwan sharar tanning na chrome shine ƙarfe mai nauyi Cr3+, yawan taro shine kusan 3-4g/L, kuma ƙimar pH ba ta da ƙarfi. Hanyoyin magani sun haɗa da hazo alkali da sake yin amfani da su kai tsaye. Kashi 90% na masana'anta na gida suna amfani da hanyar hazo na alkali, suna ƙara lemun tsami, sodium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, da sauransu don ɓata ruwa na chromium, amsawa da dehydrating don samun sludge mai ɗauke da chromium, wanda za'a iya sake amfani dashi a cikin tsarin tanning bayan an narkar da shi a cikin sulfuric acid. .
A lokacin amsawa, ƙimar pH shine 8.2-8.5, kuma hazo ya fi kyau a 40 ° C. Matsakaicin alkali shine magnesium oxide, adadin dawo da chromium shine 99%, kuma yawan taro na chromium a cikin datti bai wuce 1 mg/L ba. Duk da haka, wannan hanya ta dace da manyan ma'aunin fata, kuma ƙazanta irin su mai mai narkewa da furotin a cikin laka na chrome da aka sake yin amfani da su zai shafi tasirin tanning.
4. Cikakken ruwan sharar gida
4.1. Tsarin pretreatment: Ya fi haɗa da wuraren jiyya kamar grille, tanki mai daidaitawa, tanki mai lalata da tankin iska. Matsalolin kwayoyin halitta da daskararru da aka dakatar a cikin ruwan sharar fata yana da yawa. Ana amfani da tsarin da aka tsara don daidaita yawan ruwa da ingancin ruwa; cire SS da kuma dakatar da daskararru; rage wani ɓangare na nauyin gurɓatawa kuma ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau don maganin ilimin halitta na gaba.
4.2. Tsarin kula da ilimin halitta: ρ (CODcr) na ruwan datti na tannery shine gabaɗaya 3000-4000 mg/L, ρ (BOD5) shine 1000-2000mg/L, wanda ke cikin ruwan datti mai girma, m (BOD5)/m (CODcr) darajar. Yana da 0.3-0.6, wanda ya dace da maganin ilimin halitta. A halin yanzu, oxidation rami, SBR da nazarin halittu hadawan abu da iskar shaka oxidation ne mafi yadu amfani a kasar Sin, yayin da jet aeration, batch biofilm reactor (SBBR), fluidized gado da upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB).
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-17-2023
